基于动态平衡视角下现代足球阵型演变的沿革与变迁

拟在动态平衡的视角下对现代足球阵型的演变历程进行梳理与整合，希望对阵型之间的关联及其对足球运动发展的影响提供见解，对阵型演变的不同阶段进行探讨，探寻足球攻守平衡与不同阵型的嬗变关系，同时也为推动未来足球阵型演变对战术打法的影响研究提供参考依据。采用文献资料、系统分析、专家访谈和逻辑分析等方法，对现有的足球阵型发展的概况进行分析之后，认为现代足球阵型的演变历程不断交替出现攻守的平衡与不平衡，正是交替出现的状况促进了阵型的改变，进而影响了阵型的发展。当阵型的发展过程中出现攻守平衡时，就有其它后来者对该阵型进行学习、模仿、改进、提高。当阵型的发展过程中出现攻守不平衡，攻强于守或者守强于攻时，就会促进阵型的演变向攻守平衡的方向发展，因此就会出现阵型的发展处于不平衡-平衡-不平衡-再到平衡的态势，从而形成比赛阵型发展本身的稳定与不稳定状态交替出现。研究认为，世界足球阵型演变的过程是一种动态的、不断发展的、维持某种平衡与稳定的、平衡和不平衡交替运动的情况，即动态平衡的状态。提出将现代足球阵型演变的过程分为不同的阶段，每一个阶段内，都分别出现攻守平衡与攻守不平衡的状态，而这种平衡与不平衡的存在与区别、斗争与转化正是足球阵型演变与发展的规律。     

蓝莓不同品种花芽形成过程中内源激素变化

采用酶联免疫吸附测定法测定5个蓝莓品种在花芽形成期间花芽中4种内源激素含量，研究内源激素对蓝莓花芽分化的影响，为人工调控蓝莓花芽分化奠定理论基础。研究结果表明，5个蓝莓品种在花芽形成过程中，花芽中GAs和ZR含量呈先升高后下降，再升高的变化趋势，在花芽分化初期达到最大值，之后一直保持在较低水平；IAA含量呈先下降后升高的趋势，在花芽分化中期达到最小值，之后含量迅速上升；ABA含量呈先下降后升高，再下降的趋势，在花芽分化末期达到最大值。在花芽形成过程中，5个蓝莓品种花芽中ABA/GAs比值均表现为先下降后升高；ZR/GAs和ZR/IAA的变化趋势相同，均呈先升高后下降的‘M’形变化；ABA/IAA的变化趋势与ZR/GAs相反。     

Contrasting development of soil microbial community structure under no-tilled perennial and tilled cropping during early pedogenesis of a Mollisol

A range of agricultural practices influence soil microbial communities, such as tillage and organic C inputs, however such effects are largely unknown at the initial stage of soil formation. Using an eight-year field experiment established on exposed parent material (PM) of a Mollisol, our objectives were to: (1) to determine the effects of field management and soil depth on soil microbial community structure; (2) to elucidate shifts in microbial community structure in relation to PM, compared to an arable Mollisol (MO) without organic amendment; and (3) to identify the controlling factors of such changes in microbial community structure. The treatments included two no-tilled soils supporting perennial crops, and four tilled soils under the same cropping system, with or without chemical fertilization and crop residue amendment. Principal component (PC) analysis of phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiles demonstrated that microbial community structures were affected by tillage and/or organic and inorganic inputs via PC1 and by land use and/or soil depth via PC2. All the field treatments were separated by PM into two groups via PC1, the tilled and the no-tilled soils, with the tilled soils more developed towards MO. The tilled soils were separated with respect to MO via PC1 associated with the differences in mineral fertilization and the quality of organic amendments, with the soils without organic amendment being more similar to MO. The separations via PC1 were principally driven by bacteria and associated with soil pH and soil C, N and P. The separations via PC2 were driven by fungi, actinomycetes and Gram (−) bacteria, and associated with soil bulk density. The separations via both PC1 and PC2 were associated with soil aggregate stability and exchangeable K, indicating the effects of weathering and soil aggregation. The results suggest that in spite of the importance of mineral fertilization and organic amendments, tillage and land-use type play a significant role in determining the nature of the development of associated soil microbial community structures at the initial stages of soil formation.     

Establishment of macro-aggregates and organic matter turnover by microbial communities in long-term incubated artificial soils

The study of interactions between minerals, organic matter (OM) and microorganisms is essential for the understanding of soil functions such as OM turnover. Here, we present an interdisciplinary approach using artificial soils to study the establishment of the microbial community and the formation of macro-aggregates as a function of the mineral composition by using artificial soils. The defined composition of a model system enables to directly relate the development of microbial communities and soil structure to the presence of specific constituents. Five different artificial soil compositions were produced with two types of clay minerals (illite, montmorillonite), metal oxides (ferrihydrite, boehmite) and charcoal incubated with sterile manure and a microbial community derived from a natural soil. We used the artificial soils to analyse the response of these model soil systems to additional sterile manure supply (after 562 days). The artificial soils were subjected to a prolonged incubation period of more than two years (842 days) in order to take temporally dynamic processes into account. In our model systems with varying mineralogy, we expected a changing microbial community composition and an effect on macro-aggregation after OM addition, as the input of fresh substrate will re-activate the artificial soils. The abundance and structure of 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) fragments amplified from total community DNA were studied by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), respectively. The formation of macro-aggregates (>2 mm), the total organic carbon (OC) and nitrogen (N) contents, the OC and N contents in particle size fractions and the CO₂ respiration were determined. The second manure input resulted in higher CO₂ respiration rates, 16S rRNA gene and ITS copy numbers, indicating a stronger response of the microbial community in the matured soil-like system. The type of clay minerals was identified as the most important factor determining the composition of the bacterial communities established. The additional OM and longer incubation time led to a re-formation of macro-aggregates which was significantly higher when montmorillonite was present. Thus, the type of clay mineral was decisive for both microbial community composition as well as macro-aggregation, whereas the addition of other components had a minor effect. Even though different bacterial communities were established depending on the artificial soil composition, the amount and quality of the OM did not show significant differences supporting the concept of functional redundancy.     

一种新的结合SVM和FNN的多聚焦图像融合算法

产业融合共生是新时期红色旅游的必然选择，红色旅游企业共生系统可分为区域内共生子系统和区域外共生子系统，表现为核心共生、主要共生和跨界共生三种形态，核心共生形态是红色旅游企业共生区别其他企业共生的根本所在。红色旅游企业共生由合作和共识耦合而成，但核心共生形态的形成机理更多地表现为天然性，要求红色旅游企业主动寻求合作，争取与其他共生单元达成共识，促进红色旅游企业共生关系的良性发展。     

生物超弱发光的光子成像及其检测方法研究

任何有生命的物质,人、动物、植物和微生物等都有一种超弱发光,这是生命体本身所固有的一种属性,而且这种超弱发光的强弱与生命活动能力密切相关,新陈代谢愈旺盛,生命活力愈强,则发光也愈强。为此,介绍了生物超弱发光的基本原理和光子成像探测系统的结构,并且对迄今为止生物超弱发光研究的主要实验结果以及超弱发光的主要检测方法进行了归纳总结。     

液—液循环流化床液滴形成特性研究

基于图像采集与处理方法对液-液循环流化床液滴形成特性进行了实验研究,提出了形成液滴的3种液-液雾化方式,考察了液-液雾化方式与射流长度脉动、液滴粒径分布的相关性,获得了液-液雾化方式的转变规律以及雾化强度、射流长度脉动和液滴粒径分布基于相对雷诺数的变化规律.结果表明,雾化过程与相对雷诺数密切相关,随着相对雷诺数的增加,雾化强度持续增强,液-液雾化方式由滴流型向层流射流型转变,最后发展为湍流射流型;在整个相对雷诺数实验范围内,射流长度的脉动表现出随机和非周期的特点,其标准方差与平均值的变化规律基本一致,在相对雷诺数为1.3×104时达到最大值;液滴的粒径分布参数一直增大到湍流射流型雾化阶段,在相对雷诺数为2.5 ×104时,液滴的粒径均匀性最好,而液滴平均粒径总体上随相对雷诺数的增大不断减小,形成液滴的最小平均粒径发生在湍流射流型雾化阶段.     

农业机械系统配备量优化研究

农业机械系统选型配套是研究机械化的重要基础性工作,同时也是确保优质和高效完成各项作业的重要条件。为此,对目前农业机械配备方法进行了研究与分析,提出采用流水作业下的农业机械线性规划配备模型来进行配备量研究,对农业机械化取得良好经济效益有很好的推进作用。     

玉米秸秆髓芯热压瓦楞芯纸的试验

以玉米秸秆为对象，研究了热压制作瓦楞芯纸的工艺条件。结果表明：粘结剂和物料的粒度是影响热压薄层成型物性能的主要因素；骨胶是热压成型瓦楞芯纸较为理想的粘结剂。以玉米秸秆髓芯为热压成型的原料，制作的瓦楞芯纸具有一定的耐破强度和柔韧性。     

18年生尾巨桉无性系木材纤维形态和基本密度变异研究

对18年生尾巨桉（Eucalyptus urophlla×E．grandis）无性系木材纤维特征与基本密度进行研究,通过测定木材的纤维长度、宽度、壁厚、腔径、木材基本密度,分析结果表明：木材基本密度、纤维长度、纤维长宽比、壁厚、壁腔比在树干径向方向由髓心向外有逐渐增大的规律。纤维长度与基本密度之间呈显著的负相关,纤维宽...